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BIOCHEMISTRY AND CLINICAL PATHOLOGY CHAPTER-WISE PDF NOTES ER20-23T
Chapter 1
Introduction to biochemistry: Scope of biochemistry in pharmacy
Cell and its biochemical organization
Chapter 2
Carbohydrates
Definition, classification with examples, and chemical properties
Monosaccharides – Structure of glucose, fructose, and galactose
Disaccharides – structure of maltose, lactose, and sucrose
Polysaccharides – chemical nature of starch and glycogen
Qualitative tests and the biological role of carbohydrates
Chapter 3
Proteins
Definition, classification of proteins based on composition and solubility with examples
Definition, classification of amino acids based on chemical nature and nutritional requirements with
examples
Structure of proteins (four levels of organization of protein structure)
Qualitative tests and biological role of proteins and amino acids
Diseases related to malnutrition of proteins.
Chapter 4
Lipids
Definition, classification with examples
Structure and properties of triglycerides (oils and fats)
Fatty acid classification – Based on chemical and nutritional requirements with examples
Structure and functions of cholesterol in the body
Lipoproteins – types, composition and functions in the body
Qualitative tests and functions of lipids
Chapter 5
Nucleic acids
Definition, purine and pyrimidine bases
Components of nucleosides and nucleotides with examples
Structure of DNA (Watson and Crick model), RNA and their functions
Chapter 6
Enzymes
Definition, properties and IUB and MB classification
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Mechanism of action of enzymes, Enzyme inhibitors
Therapeutic and pharmaceutical importance of enzymes
Chapter 7
Vitamins
Definition and classification with examples
Sources, chemical nature, functions, coenzyme form, recommended dietary requirements, deficiency diseases of fat-and water-soluble vitamins
Chapter 8
Metabolism (Study of cycle/pathways without chemical structures)
Metabolism of Carbohydrates: Glycolysis, TCA cycle and glycogen metabolism, regulation of blood glucose
level.
Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of Carbohydrates
Metabolism of lipids: Lipolysis, β-oxidation of Fatty acid (Palmitic acid) ketogenesis and ketolysis.
Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of lipids such as Ketoacidosis, Fatty liver, Hypercholesterolemia
Metabolism of Amino acids (Proteins): General reactions of amino acids and its significance– Transamination, deamination, Urea cycle and decarboxylation. Diseases related to abnormal metabolism of amino acids, Disorders of ammonia metabolism, phenylketonuria, alkaptonuria and Jaundice.
Biological oxidation: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation
Chapter 9
Minerals: Types, Functions, Deficiency diseases, recommended dietary requirements
Chapter 10
Water and Electrolytes
Distribution, functions of water in the body
Water turnover and balance
Electrolyte composition of the body fluids, Dietary intake of electrolyte and Electrolyte balance
Dehydration, causes of dehydration and oral rehydration therapy
Chapter 11
Introduction to Biotechnology
Chapter 12
Organ function tests
Functions of kidney and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of kidney and their clinical
significances
Functions of liver and routinely performed tests to assess the functions of liver and their clinical
significances
Lipid profile tests and its clinical significances
Chapter 13
Introduction to Pathology of Blood and Urine
Lymphocytes and Platelets, their role in health and disease
Erythrocytes – Abnormal cells and their significance
Normal and Abnormal constituents of Urine and their significance
